The Avengers is a team of superheroes, appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team made its debut in The Avengers #1 (Sept. 1963), created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, following the trend of super-hero teams after the success of DC Comics' Justice League of America.[1]
Labeled Earth's Mightiest Heroes, the Avengers originally consisted of Iron Man (Tony Stark), Ant-Man (Dr. Henry Pym), Wasp (Janet Van Dyne), Thor, and Hulk (Bruce Banner). The original Captain America was discovered, trapped in ice (issue #4), and joined the group after they revived him. A rotating roster became a hallmark, although one theme remained consistent: the Avengers fight "the foes no single superhero can withstand." The team, famous for its battle cry of "Avengers Assemble!", has featured humans, mutants, robots, aliens, supernatural beings, and even former villains.
The 2012 live-action feature film Marvel's The Avengers, directed by Joss Whedon, set numerous records during its box office run, including the biggest opening debut in North America, with a weekend gross of $207.4 million.[2] A second Avengers film is set for release on May 1, 2015.
Publication history
See also: List of Avengers titles
The team debuted in The Avengers #1 (Sept. 1963), using characters created primarily by writer-editor Stan Lee with penciller and co-plotter Jack Kirby. This initial series, published bi-monthly through issue #6 (July 1964) and monthly thereafter ran through issue #402 (Sept. 1996), with spinoffs including several annuals, miniseries and a giant-size quarterly sister series that ran briefly in the mid-1970s.[3]
Other spinoff series include West Coast Avengers, initially published as a four-issue miniseries in 1984, followed by a 102-issue series (Oct. 1985–Jan. 1994), retitled Avengers West Coast with #47;[4][5] and the 40-issue Solo Avengers (Dec.1987–Jan. 1991), retitled Avengers Spotlight with #21.[6][7]
Between 1996 and 2004, Marvel relaunched the primary Avengers title three times. In 1996, the Heroes Reborn line, in which Marvel contracted outside companies to produce four titles, included a new volume of The Avengers. It took place in an alternate universe, with a revamped history unrelated to mainstream Marvel continuity. The Avengers vol. 2 was written by Rob Liefeld and penciled by Jim Valentino, and ran for 13 issues (Nov. 1996–Nov. 1997). The final issue, which featured a crossover with the otherHeroes Reborn titles, returned the characters to the main Marvel Universe.[8]
The Avengers vol. 3 relaunched and ran for 84 issues in February 1998 to August 2004. To coincide with what would have been, the 500th issue of the original series Marvel changed the numbering, and The Avengers #500-503 (Sept.– Dec. 2004),[9] the one-shotAvengers Finale (Jan. 2005)[10] became the Avengers Disassembled storyline and final issues. In January 2005, a new version of the team appeared in the ongoing title The New Avengers,[11] followed by The Mighty Avengers, Avengers: The Initiative, and Dark Avengers. Avengers Vol. 4 debuted in 2010.
Fictional biography
The first adventure featured the Asgardian god Loki seeking revenge against his brother Thor. Using an illusion, Loki tricked Hulk into destroying a railroad track. He then diverted a radio call by Rick Jones for help to Thor, whom Loki hoped would battle Hulk. Unknown to Loki, Ant-Man, Wasp, and Iron Man also answered the radio call. After an initial misunderstanding, the heroes united and defeated Loki after Thor was lured away by an illusion of Hulk and suspected Loki when he realized it was an illusion. Ant-Man stated that the five worked well together and suggested they form a combined team; Wasp named the group The Avengers because it sounded "dramatic".[12]
The roster changed almost immediately; at the beginning of the second issue, Ant-Man became Giant-Man and at the end of the issue, Hulk left once he realized how much the others feared his unstable personality.[13] Feeling responsible, the Avengers attempted to locate and contain Hulk, which subsequently led them into combat with Namor the Sub-Mariner.[14] This resulted in the first major milestone in the Avengers' history: the revival and return of Captain America.[15] Captain America joined the team [15]and he was also given "founding member" status in Hulk's place.[16] The Avengers went on to fight foes such as Captain America's wartime enemy Baron Zemo, who formed the Masters of Evil,[17] Kang the Conqueror,[14] Wonder Man,[18] and Count Nefaria.[19]
The next milestone came when every member but Captain America resigned; they were replaced by three former villains: Hawkeye,Scarlet Witch, and Quicksilver.[20] Although they lacked the raw power of the original team, they proved their worth and fought and defeated Swordsman;[21] the original Power Man;[22] and Doctor Doom.[23] Henry Pym (who changed his name to Goliath) rejoined the Avengers [24] and Wasp,[24] along with Hercules,[25] Black Knight,[26] and Black Widow,[27] the last two didn't obtain official membership status until years later. Black Panther joined the team,[28] followed by Vision.[29]
The Avengers headquarters was in a New York City building called Avengers Mansion, courtesy of Tony Stark (Iron Man's real identity), who also funded the Avengers through the Maria Stark Foundation, a non-profit organization.[volume & issue needed] The mansion was serviced by Edwin Jarvis, the Avengers' faithful butler, and also furnished with state-of-the-art technology and defense systems, and included the Avengers' primary mode of transport: the five-engine Quinjet.
The adventures increased in scope as the team crossed into an alternate dimension and battled the Squadron Supreme and fought in the Kree-Skrull War,[30] an epic battle between the alien Kree and Skrull races and guest-starred the Kree hero, Captain Marvel. The Avengers briefly disband when Skrulls impersonating Captain America, Thor, and Iron Man used their authority as founders of the team and disbanded it.[31] The true founding Avengers, minus Wasp, reformed the team in response after complaints from Jarvis.[volume & issue needed]
Vision and Scarlet Witch fell in love, although their relationship was tinged with sadness because Vision believed himself to be inhuman and unworthy of her.[volume & issue needed] Writer Steve Englehart introduced Mantis, who joined the team along with the reformed Swordsman.[32] Englehart linked her origins to the very beginnings of the Kree-Skrull conflict in a time-spanning adventure involving Kang the Conqueror and Immortus, who were past and future versions of each other.[volume & issue needed] Mantis was revealed to be the Celestial Madonna, who was destined to give birth to a being that would save the universe.[volume & issue needed] It was revealed that Vision's body had only been appropriated, and not created by Ultron, and that it originally belonged to the 1940s Human Torch. With his origins clear to him, Vision proposed to Scarlet Witch. The Celestial Madonna saga ended with their wedding, presided over by Immortus.[33] Englehart's tenure also coincided with the debut of George Pérez as artist.[34]
After Englehart departed (and a seven-issue stint by Gerry Conway) Jim Shooter began as writer, generating several classic adventures, including "Bride of Ultron", the "NefariaTrilogy", and "The Korvac Saga", which featured nearly every Avenger who joined the team up to that point.[35] New members added during that time included Beast,[36] a resurrected Wonder Man, Captain America's former partner Falcon, and Ms. Marvel.[volume & issue needed]
Shooter also introduced the character of Henry Peter Gyrich, the Avengers' liaison to the United States National Security Council.[37] Gyrich was prejudiced against superhumans and acted in a heavy-handed, obstructive manner, and insisted that the Avengers followed government rules and regulations or else lose their priority status with the government. Among Gyrich's demands was that the active roster be trimmed down to only seven members, and that Falcon, an African American, be admitted to the team to comply withaffirmative action laws. This last act was resented by Hawkeye, who because of the seven-member limit lost his membership slot to Falcon. Falcon, in turn, was unhappy to be the beneficiary of what he perceived to be tokenism, and decided to resign from the team, after which Wonder Man rejoined.
The first major development was the breakdown of Henry Pym,[volume & issue needed] with his frequent changes of costume and name being symptomatic of an identity problem and an inferiority complex. After he abused his wife, failed to win back the confidence of the Avengers with a ruse and was duped by the villain Egghead, Pym was jailed.[38] Writer Roger Stern resolved this by having Pym outwit Egghead and defeated the latest incarnation of the Masters of Evil single-handedly, and proved his innocence.[39] Pym reconciled with Wasp, but they decided to remain apart.[40] Pym retired from super-heroics,[40] but returned years later.[41]
Stern developed several major storylines, such as "Ultimate Vision" in which Vision took over the world's computer systems in a misguided attempt to create world peace;[42] the formation of the West Coast Avengers;[43] and "Avengers Under Siege" which involved the second Baron Zemo and the Masters of Evil taking over the mansion and severely injured Jarvis and Hercules,[44] War on Olympuswhere Hercules' father, Zeus, blamed the Avengers for his son's injuries and brought them to Olympus for trial[45] and Heavy Metal where the Super Adaptoid organized several robotic villains for an assault on the team.[46] New members during the 1980s included an African American Captain Marvel named Monica Rambeau[47] (who became the team's new leader[48]); She-Hulk;[49] Tigra,[50] Namor,[51]Starfox[52] and Hawkeye's wife, Mockingbird,[43] while Henry Pym emerged from retirement to join the West Coast Avengers.[41] Stern also created the villain, Nebula, who falsely claimed to be the granddaughter of Thanos.[53] The team relocated for a period to a floating island off the coast of New York called Hydrobase. The Avengers moved their base of operations to Hydrobase after the Under Siegestoryline was completed in The Avengers #277 (March 1987) where Avengers Mansion was severely damaged. The move to Hydrobase was undertaken in The Avengers #278 (April 1987). Hydrobase was later sunk during the Acts of Vengeance crossover in issue #311 (Dec. 1989).
John Byrne eventually took over writing both titles and revamped the comics to allow members to be active when available and reserved contributions included a revamping of Vision, and the discovery that the children of Scarlet Witch and Vision were actually illusions. The loss of Scarlet Witch's children and Vision, who was disassembled by government agents in retaliation for the Ultimate Vision storyline, drove her insane, although she eventually recovered and rejoined the team. This story also revealed that Scarlet Witch's powers included wide-range reality manipulation and she was what the time-traveling Immortus refers to as a "nexus being" setting the stage for 2004's eventual Chaos and Avengers Disassembled storylines. This played out in the Darker than Scarlet storyline which ran in Avengers West Coast from issues #51–62 (Nov. 1989–Sept. 1990).
The Avengers titles were then embroiled in the major crossover event Acts of Vengeance where Loki assembled many of Marvel's arch-villains, his inner circle consisted of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Kingpin, Mandarin, Wizard, and Red Skull, in a plot to destroy the team. Loki orchestrated a mass breakout of villains from prison facility, the Vault, as part of hisActs of Vengeance scheme, but he ultimately failed in his goal to destroy the Avengers.
This decade coincided with a speculators' boom, followed by an industry-wide slump and Marvel filed for bankruptcy in 1997. During this period the U.S. government revoked the Avengers' New York State charter in a treaty with the Soviet Union. The Avengers then received a charter from the United Nations and the Avengers split into two teams with a substitute reserve team backing up the main teams.
Bob Harras and Steve Epting took over the title in the summer of 1991 and introduced a stable lineup with ongoing story lines and character development focused on Black Knight,Sersi, Crystal, Hercules, Vision, and Black Widow. Their primary antagonists in this run were the mysterious Proctor and his team of other-dimensional Avengers known as Gatherers. During this period, the Avengers found themselves facing increasingly murderous enemies and were forced to question their rule against killing.[volume & issue needed]
This culminated in Operation: Galactic Storm, a 19-part storyline that ran through all Avengers-related titles and showcased a conflict between the Kree and the Shi'ar Empire. The team split when Iron Man and several dissidents executed the Supreme Intelligence against the wishes of Captain America. After a vote disbanded the West Coast Avengers, Iron Man formed a proactive and aggressive team called Force Works. During the team's first mission, Wonder Man was killed again, though his atoms were temporarily scattered. Force Works later disbanded after it was revealed that Iron Man became a murderer via the manipulations of the villain Kang.
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